آموزش زمان حال کامل استمراری (Present Perfect Continuous) در زبان انگلیسی ⏳
زمان حال کامل استمراری (Present Perfect Continuous) برای بیان عملی استفاده میشود که در گذشته آغاز شده و تا زمان حال ادامه دارد یا تازه به پایان رسیده است و تأثیر آن در زمان حال احساس میشود. این زمان به ویژه برای تمرکز بر مدت زمان فعالیتها یا تکرار آنها کاربرد دارد.
1. ساختار Present Perfect Continuous 🛠️
ساختار این زمان از سه جزء اصلی تشکیل شده است:
| جزء | توضیح | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| Have/Has | برای شخص | I/You/We/They → have He/She/It → has |
| been | جزء ثابت زمان | I have been studying English. |
| فعل اصلی + ing | نشاندهنده استمراری بودن | studying, working, playing |
🔹 مثالها:
- I have been reading this book for two hours. 📖
- She has been working here since 2019. 💼
- They have been playing football all afternoon. ⚽
2. زمانبندی و کلمات کلیدی ⏱️
Present Perfect Continuous معمولاً با کلمات یا عبارات زمانبندی خاص استفاده میشود که نشاندهنده مدت زمان یا تکرار فعالیت هستند.
| کلمه/عبارت | کاربرد |
|---|---|
| for | بیان مدت زمان (for two hours, for 3 years) |
| since | بیان شروع زمان از یک نقطه مشخص (since Monday, since 2010) |
| all day / all week / all year | فعالیتی که در طول دوره ادامه داشته است |
| recently / lately | برای فعالیتهایی که به تازگی ادامه یافتهاند |
🔹 مثالها:
- I have been studying English for three hours. ⏳
- She has been living in London since 2015. 🌍
- They have been practicing tennis all morning. 🎾
3. کاربردهای اصلی Present Perfect Continuous ✨
3.1. تأکید بر مدت زمان فعالیت
زمان حال کامل استمراری وقتی کاربرد دارد که بخواهیم به مدت زمان فعالیت تأکید کنیم.
| مثال | توضیح |
|---|---|
| I have been working here for five years. | تأکید بر اینکه فعالیت از پنج سال پیش ادامه داشته است |
| He has been waiting since 8 AM. | نشان میدهد فعالیت از ۸ صبح ادامه داشته است |
3.2. فعالیتهایی که تازه تمام شدهاند و اثرشان محسوس است
این زمان برای فعالیتهایی استفاده میشود که تأثیر آنها هنوز قابل مشاهده است.
| مثال | توضیح |
|---|---|
| She has been cooking, that’s why the kitchen is messy. 🍳 | نشان میدهد اثر پخت و پز (آشپزخانه به هم ریخته) باقی مانده |
| I have been painting the wall, now it looks much better. 🎨 | فعالیت تمام شده اما نتیجه مشهود است |
3.3. فعالیتهای مکرر در گذشته که تا حال ادامه دارند
زمان حال کامل استمراری برای بیان فعالیتهای مکرر که شروع شده و هنوز ادامه دارد مناسب است.
| مثال | توضیح |
|---|---|
| They have been visiting their grandparents every weekend. 👵👴 | فعالیت تکراری که از گذشته تا حال ادامه دارد |
| She has been taking yoga classes since January. 🧘♀️ | نشاندهنده استمرار فعالیت و تکرار آن |
4. تفاوت با Present Perfect Simple ⚡
| معیار | Present Perfect Continuous | Present Perfect Simple |
|---|---|---|
| تمرکز | بر روی مدت زمان یا تداوم فعالیت | بر روی نتیجه یا کامل شدن فعالیت |
| مثال | I have been reading for two hours. 📚 | I have read three books this week. 📘 |
| استفاده | فعالیت هنوز ادامه دارد یا تازه تمام شده است | نتیجه فعالیت مهم است، نه طول مدت آن |
🔹 مثال ترکیبی برای مقایسه:
- Present Perfect Continuous: She has been running for an hour. 🏃♀️ (تأکید بر مدت زمان)
- Present Perfect Simple: She has run three miles today. 🏅 (تأکید بر نتیجه: سه مایل دویده است)
5. منفی کردن و سوالی کردن Present Perfect Continuous ❌❓
5.1. منفی کردن
برای منفی کردن، کافی است not را بعد از have/has قرار دهیم:
| جمله مثبت | جمله منفی |
|---|---|
| I have been working all day. | I have not been working all day. |
| She has been studying English since morning. | She has not been studying English since morning. |
5.2. سؤال کردن
برای ساختن سوال، جای have/has را قبل از فاعل قرار میدهیم:
| جمله مثبت | سوالی |
|---|---|
| You have been reading this book. | Have you been reading this book? |
| He has been playing football. | Has he been playing football? |
🔹 مثالهای کامل:
- Have they been waiting for long? ⏳
- Has she been feeling well lately? 🌸
6. افعال استمراری رایج در Present Perfect Continuous 🏷️
برخی افعال بیشتر در این زمان استفاده میشوند، به خصوص افعالی که فعالیتهای طولانی یا مداوم را نشان میدهند:
| فعل | مثال |
|---|---|
| work | I have been working on this project. 💻 |
| study | She has been studying for her exams. 📚 |
| live | They have been living in Paris for years. 🗼 |
| wait | He has been waiting for the bus. 🚌 |
| play | We have been playing chess all afternoon. ♟️ |
| practice | She has been practicing the piano. 🎹 |
| paint | He has been painting the fence. 🎨 |
| cook | I have been cooking dinner since 6 PM. 🍲 |
7. نکات مهم و نکات اشتباه رایج ⚠️
- استفاده نادرست با افعال غیر استمراری: برخی افعال حالت (مثل know, like, love, believe) معمولاً با Continuous استفاده نمیشوند. ❌
- ❌ I have been knowing him for years.
- ✅ I have known him for years.
- تفاوت با زمان گذشته استمراری (Past Continuous):
- Present Perfect Continuous: I have been studying English for two hours. ⏳ (از گذشته تا حال ادامه دارد)
- Past Continuous: I was studying English at 5 PM. 🕔 (در گذشته در یک زمان مشخص ادامه داشته)
- استفاده از for و since به درستی:
- ✅ I have been working here for 3 years.
- ✅ I have been working here since 2020.
تمرینها و کاربردهای پیشرفته Present Perfect Continuous 📝
1. تمرینات برای تسلط بر ساختار 🏗️
تمرین 1: جملات را کامل کنید
با استفاده از زمان حال کامل استمراری، جملات زیر را تکمیل کنید.
| جمله | پاسخ نمونه |
|---|---|
| I ________ (study) English for three hours. | I have been studying English for three hours. |
| She ________ (work) here since 2018. | She has been working here since 2018. |
| They ________ (play) football all afternoon. | They have been playing football all afternoon. |
| We ________ (wait) for the bus for 20 minutes. | We have been waiting for the bus for 20 minutes. |
| He ________ (cook) dinner since 6 PM. | He has been cooking dinner since 6 PM. |
تمرین 2: جملات منفی بسازید ❌
جملات زیر را با استفاده از شکل منفی Present Perfect Continuous کامل کنید.
| جمله | پاسخ نمونه |
|---|---|
| I ________ (not / work) all day. | I have not been working all day. |
| She ________ (not / study) lately. | She has not been studying lately. |
| They ________ (not / wait) for long. | They have not been waiting for long. |
| He ________ (not / play) football today. | He has not been playing football today. |
| We ________ (not / practice) yoga recently. | We have not been practicing yoga recently. |
تمرین 3: سوالی کردن جملات ❓
جملات زیر را به شکل سوالی تبدیل کنید.
| جمله مثبت | سوالی |
|---|---|
| You have been reading this book. | Have you been reading this book? |
| She has been working all morning. | Has she been working all morning? |
| They have been waiting since 7 AM. | Have they been waiting since 7 AM? |
| He has been cooking dinner. | Has he been cooking dinner? |
| We have been studying English. | Have we been studying English? |
2. مثالهای پیشرفته 🔍
2.1. بیان فعالیتهایی که تازه به پایان رسیدهاند
زمان حال کامل استمراری میتواند نشان دهد که فعالیت به تازگی تمام شده و اثر آن باقی مانده است.
| جمله | توضیح |
|---|---|
| I have been cleaning the room, that’s why it smells fresh. 🧹 | فعالیت تازه تمام شده و نتیجه مشهود است |
| She has been writing emails, now her computer is busy. 💻 | فعالیت پایان یافته اما اثر آن هنوز دیده میشود |
| They have been exercising, now they are tired. 💪 | اثر فعالیت هنوز قابل مشاهده است |
2.2. فعالیتهای مداوم که اخیراً شروع شدهاند
زمان حال کامل استمراری میتواند بر فعالیتهایی تأکید کند که مدت کوتاهی قبل شروع شدهاند اما هنوز ادامه دارند.
| جمله | توضیح |
|---|---|
| I have been learning Python for two weeks. 🐍 | تأکید بر مدت کوتاه اما استمرار فعالیت |
| She has been practicing piano since morning. 🎹 | فعالیت هنوز ادامه دارد |
| We have been discussing the project recently. 📊 | شروع اخیر و استمرار فعالیت |
2.3. فعالیتهای مکرر و عادتی
برای فعالیتهای مکرر که شروع شده و ادامه دارند، این زمان مناسب است:
| جمله | توضیح |
|---|---|
| He has been calling his parents every day. 📞 | فعالیت مکرر و استمرار یافته |
| They have been visiting the museum every weekend. 🖼️ | تأکید بر تکرار فعالیت |
| She has been checking her emails frequently. 📧 | فعالیت مکرر و هنوز ادامه دارد |
3. ترکیب با سایر زمانها 🔗
3.1. با Present Perfect Simple
| کاربرد | مثال |
|---|---|
| برای نشان دادن تفاوت بین مدت زمان و نتیجه | I have been reading for two hours, and I have read three chapters. 📖 |
3.2. با Past Continuous
| کاربرد | مثال |
|---|---|
| برای نشان دادن فعالیتی که قبل از زمان حال کامل استمراری اتفاق افتاده است | I was studying when she called, and I have been studying ever since. 🕔 |
3.3. با Future
| کاربرد | مثال |
|---|---|
| برای نشان دادن فعالیتی که ادامه خواهد داشت | By next week, I will have been working here for five years. ⏳ |
4. نکات پیشرفته و اشتباهات رایج ⚠️
- تفاوت بین have been و have gone:
- I have been to London. (رفتن و برگشتن، تجربه)
- I have gone to London. (رفته و هنوز برگشته نشده)
- استفاده از افعال حالت با Continuous اشتباه است:
- ❌ I have been knowing her for years.
- ✅ I have known her for years.
- مدت زمان کوتاه vs طولانی:
- حتی اگر فعالیت فقط چند دقیقه طول بکشد، میتوان از Present Perfect Continuous استفاده کرد:
- I have been waiting for 10 minutes. ⏳
- حتی اگر فعالیت فقط چند دقیقه طول بکشد، میتوان از Present Perfect Continuous استفاده کرد:
- تأکید بر نتیجه و استمرار:
- اگر هدف تأکید بر نتیجه است → Present Perfect Simple
- اگر هدف تأکید بر مدت زمان یا استمرار است → Present Perfect Continuous
5. تمرینهای ترکیبی 🔄
تمرین 4: جملات ترکیبی بسازید
با استفاده از هر دو زمان Present Perfect Continuous و Present Perfect Simple، جملات کامل بسازید:
- I / read / 2 hours / 3 chapters →
- I have been reading for 2 hours, and I have read 3 chapters. 📖
- She / work / here since 2010 / many projects →
- She has been working here since 2010, and she has completed many projects. 💼
- They / play / football all afternoon / score 3 goals →
- They have been playing football all afternoon, and they have scored 3 goals. ⚽
تمرین 5: جملات منفی و سوالی ترکیبی
- He / practice / piano / last week →
- ❌ He has not been practicing piano last week?
- ✅ Has he been practicing piano last week? 🎹
- You / study / English / morning →
- ❌ You have not studied English all morning?
- ✅ Have you been studying English all morning? 📚
کاربردهای روزمره و اصطلاحات رایج Present Perfect Continuous 🏠💬
1. کاربردهای روزمره Present Perfect Continuous 🕒
زمان حال کامل استمراری در مکالمات روزمره برای بیان فعالیتهای تداوم یافته، تازه پایان یافته یا مکرر کاربرد زیادی دارد.
1.1. فعالیتهای روزمره که هنوز ادامه دارند
| مثال | توضیح |
|---|---|
| I have been cleaning the house all morning. 🧹 | فعالیت از صبح شروع شده و هنوز ادامه دارد |
| She has been studying for her exam since 8 AM. 📚 | تمرکز بر استمرار فعالیت |
| We have been cooking dinner for the past hour. 🍲 | تأکید بر مدت زمان |
1.2. فعالیتهایی که تازه به پایان رسیدهاند و اثر آن باقی است
| مثال | توضیح |
|---|---|
| He has been painting the walls, that’s why they are wet. 🎨 | فعالیت تمام شده اما اثر هنوز مشخص است |
| They have been playing football, now they are tired. ⚽ | اثر فعالیت محسوس است |
| I have been washing the car, and it looks shiny now. 🚗 | تأکید بر نتیجه و تداوم فعالیت |
1.3. فعالیتهای تکراری یا عادتی
| مثال | توضیح |
|---|---|
| She has been calling her friends every evening. 📞 | فعالیت مکرر |
| They have been visiting their grandparents every weekend. 👵👴 | تکرار و استمرار فعالیت |
| He has been checking his emails several times a day. 📧 | تأکید بر عادت و تکرار |
2. اصطلاحات رایج همراه با Present Perfect Continuous 🗣️
2.1. کلمات و عبارات کلیدی
| کلمه/عبارت | مثال | کاربرد |
|---|---|---|
| all day / all week | I have been working all day. 💻 | نشان دادن تداوم در طول دوره |
| since + تاریخ/زمان | She has been living here since 2015. 🌍 | آغاز فعالیت از یک نقطه مشخص |
| for + مدت زمان | We have been studying for three hours. ⏳ | مدت زمان فعالیت |
| lately / recently | He has been feeling tired lately. 😴 | فعالیتهای اخیر و ادامهدار |
2.2. اصطلاحات رایج محاورهای
- Been up to something: نشاندهنده فعالیتی که کسی انجام میدهد
- What have you been up to lately?
- Been doing well/badly: توصیف وضعیت ادامهدار
- She has been doing well at work.
- Been having trouble / problems: بیان مشکلات ادامهدار
- I have been having trouble with my computer. 💻
3. مقایسه با زبان محاورهای انگلیسی 📢
3.1. استفاده در مکالمات غیررسمی
- در مکالمات دوستانه، گاهی Present Perfect Continuous با Present Continuous جایگزین میشود.
- Formal: I have been working all morning. 💼
- Informal: I am working all morning. (به صورت غیررسمی و محاورهای)
3.2. تفاوت با Present Continuous
| معیار | Present Perfect Continuous | Present Continuous |
|---|---|---|
| تمرکز | مدت زمان یا استمرار از گذشته تا حال | فعالیت در لحظه صحبت |
| مثال | I have been reading for two hours. ⏳ | I am reading now. 📖 |
3.3. تفاوت با Past Continuous در زبان محاورهای
- Present Perfect Continuous: I have been studying all morning. 🕒 (از گذشته شروع شده و تا حال ادامه دارد)
- Past Continuous: I was studying at 9 AM. 🕘 (در یک زمان مشخص در گذشته)
4. نمونه مکالمات روزمره 💬
مکالمه 1: فعالیت روزمره
- A: What have you been doing today?
- B: I have been cleaning the house and have been cooking lunch. 🧹🍲
مکالمه 2: فعالیت تازه تمام شده
- A: Why are you so tired? 😴
- B: I have been running for an hour. 🏃♀️
مکالمه 3: فعالیت مکرر
- A: You look very busy these days.
- B: Yes, I have been meeting clients every day this week. 💼
5. نکات مهم برای مکالمات روزمره ⚠️
- تأکید بر مدت زمان: اگر میخواهید طول فعالیت را نشان دهید، از Present Perfect Continuous استفاده کنید.
- I have been studying English for three hours. 📚
- استفاده با lately / recently: برای فعالیتهای اخیر و ادامهدار مناسب است.
- She has been feeling tired recently. 😴
- توجه به افعال حالت: افعال حالت معمولاً با Continuous استفاده نمیشوند.
- ❌ I have been knowing him for years.
- ✅ I have known him for years.
- محاوره و غیررسمی: در مکالمات غیررسمی، گاهی جایگزین Present Continuous میشود، اما برای تمرکز بر استمرار یا مدت زمان، زمان حال کامل استمراری مناسبتر است.
6. تمرینهای مکالمهای 🗣️
تمرین 6: جای خالی را پر کنید
- A: What ______ (you / do) all morning?
B: I ______ (study) for my exam. 📚- پاسخ: What have you been doing all morning? / I have been studying for my exam.
- A: Why do you look tired? 😴
B: I ______ (run) for an hour. 🏃♀️- پاسخ: I have been running for an hour.
- A: How is your friend?
B: He ______ (feel) much better lately. 😊- پاسخ: He has been feeling much better lately.
- A: Have you seen Mark recently?
B: Yes, he ______ (meet) clients all week. 💼- پاسخ: Yes, he has been meeting clients all week.
عالی! در ادامه بخش چهارم مقاله هزار کلمهای درباره Present Perfect Continuous آماده است. این بخش شامل تمرینهای ترکیبی، بازیهای زبانی، و کاربردهای حرفهای و نوشتاری است، بدون هیچ متن اضافی یا نتیجهگیری.
تمرینهای ترکیبی، بازیهای زبانی و کاربردهای حرفهای
1. تمرینهای ترکیبی 📝
تمرین 1: جملات دو زمانه
با ترکیب Present Perfect Continuous و Present Perfect Simple جملات کامل بسازید.
| جمله ناقص | پاسخ نمونه |
|---|---|
| I / read / 2 hours / 3 chapters → | I have been reading for 2 hours, and I have read 3 chapters. 📖 |
| She / work / here since 2010 / many projects → | She has been working here since 2010, and she has completed many projects. 💼 |
| They / play / football all afternoon / score 3 goals → | They have been playing football all afternoon, and they have scored 3 goals. ⚽ |
| We / study / English / morning / learn 5 new words → | We have been studying English all morning, and we have learned 5 new words. 📚 |
| He / cook / dinner / prepare 3 dishes → | He has been cooking dinner, and he has prepared 3 dishes. 🍲 |
تمرین 2: جملات منفی و سوالی ترکیبی ❌❓
تکمیل جملات با شکل منفی یا سوالی Present Perfect Continuous:
| جمله ناقص | پاسخ نمونه |
|---|---|
| You / study / English / morning → | Have you been studying English all morning? 📚 |
| He / practice / piano / last week → | Has he been practicing piano last week? 🎹 |
| I / not / work / all day → | I have not been working all day. 💻 |
| They / not / wait / long → | They have not been waiting for long. ⏳ |
| She / not / clean / kitchen → | She has not been cleaning the kitchen. 🧽 |
2. بازیهای زبانی با Present Perfect Continuous 🎲
2.1. “Guess the Activity”
یک نفر جمله ناقص را شروع میکند و دیگری با استفاده از Present Perfect Continuous حدس میزند:
- A: She looks tired. What has she been doing?
- B: She has been studying all night. 📚
- A: The floor is wet. What have they been doing?
- B: They have been cleaning the garage. 🧹
2.2. “Time Challenge”
بازیکنان باید سریع جملاتی بسازند که شامل مدت زمان مشخص باشند:
- 5 minutes → I have been waiting for 5 minutes. ⏳
- 2 hours → He has been reading for 2 hours. 📖
- All morning → We have been working all morning. 💼
2.3. “Find the Error”
بازیکنان باید جملات اشتباه را اصلاح کنند:
| جمله اشتباه | اصلاح |
|---|---|
| I have been knowing him for years. | I have known him for years. ✅ |
| She has been loving chocolate. | She has loved chocolate. ✅ |
| We have been gone to the park. | We have been going to the park. ✅ |
3. کاربردهای حرفهای Present Perfect Continuous 💼
3.1. در محیط کاری
| کاربرد | مثال |
|---|---|
| گزارش پیشرفت پروژه | I have been working on the marketing plan for three weeks. 📊 |
| بیان تلاش و زمان صرف شده | She has been negotiating with clients since Monday. 💬 |
| فعالیتهای تیمی | We have been collaborating on this project all month. 🤝 |
3.2. در نوشتار حرفهای و رسمی
- برای ایمیلهای کاری یا گزارشها، میتوان بر تداوم فعالیت یا تلاش تأکید کرد:
- I have been researching the market trends for the last two months. 📈
- Our team has been developing the software solution since January. 💻
3.3. در ارائه و سخنرانی
- بیان فعالیتهایی که از قبل شروع شده و ادامه دارند:
- Our department has been improving customer support processes over the past year. 🏢
- We have been analyzing feedback to enhance our services. 📊
4. تمرینهای حرفهای 🏢
تمرین 3: جملات حرفهای بسازید
- شرکت / تحقیق / بازار / دو ماه →
- Our company has been researching the market for two months. 📈
- تیم / توسعه / نرمافزار / ژانویه →
- Our team has been developing the software since January. 💻
- کارمند / مذاکره / مشتریان / هفته →
- The employee has been negotiating with clients all week. 💬
- دپارتمان / بهبود / خدمات مشتری / یک سال →
- The department has been improving customer services for a year. 🏢
تمرین 4: اصلاح جملات حرفهای اشتباه
| جمله اشتباه | اصلاح |
|---|---|
| We have been finished the report. | We have been finishing the report. ✅ |
| She has been completed the project. | She has been completing the project. ✅ |
| I have been sent the documents. | I have been sending the documents. ✅ |
5. ترکیب بازی و تمرین 🕹️
بازی “Story Chain”
- هر نفر یک جمله با Present Perfect Continuous میسازد و نفر بعد جمله خود را به داستان اضافه میکند:
- A: I have been reading a fascinating book all week. 📖
- B: While I have been reading, my brother has been watching a movie. 🎬
- C: We have been discussing the book’s story every evening. 🗣️
این بازی کمک میکند تا دانشجوها کاربرد زمان در داستان و مکالمه را تمرین کنند.
بازی “Daily Routine Report”
- هر دانشآموز گزارش روزانه خود را با Present Perfect Continuous آماده میکند:
- I have been exercising for 30 minutes. 🏋️♂️
- I have been studying English since morning. 📚
- I have been cooking dinner for the family. 🍲
