زمان گذشته استمراری (Past Continuous) در زبان انگلیسی
تعریف و مفهوم زمان گذشته استمراری ⏳
زمان گذشته استمراری (Past Continuous) برای بیان عملی استفاده میشود که در گذشته در حال انجام بوده است و معمولاً با عملی دیگر که در گذشته اتفاق افتاده، همراه است. این زمان بر فرآیند یا مدت زمان انجام عمل در گذشته تمرکز دارد، نه فقط خود عمل.
ساختار کلی:
| فاعل (Subject) | فعل کمکی (was/were) | فعل اصلی + ing |
|---|---|---|
| I / He / She / It | was | verb+ing |
| You / We / They | were | verb+ing |
مثالها:
- I was reading a book when he called.
- They were playing football at 5 PM yesterday.
- She was cooking dinner while listening to music.
نکات کاربردی استفاده از گذشته استمراری 📝
- توصیف عملی که در زمان مشخصی در گذشته در حال انجام بوده:
| زمان مشخص | مثال |
|---|---|
| 8 PM yesterday | I was watching TV at 8 PM yesterday. |
| Last night | She was sleeping last night when the storm started. |
- بیان دو یا چند عمل همزمان در گذشته:
| عمل اول | عمل دوم |
|---|---|
| I was reading | while my brother was playing video games. |
| They were studying | and were listening to music. |
- تأکید بر فرآیند یا حالت در گذشته و نه نتیجه نهایی:
- مثال: I was walking in the park.
(این جمله تمرکز بر عمل پیادهروی دارد، نه اینکه پیادهروی تمام شده یا نشده است.)
افعال کمکی و تفاوت با زمان گذشته ساده ⚡
- گذشته ساده: بیان عمل کامل شده
- I read a book yesterday. ✅
- گذشته استمراری: بیان عملی در حال انجام در گذشته
- I was reading a book when you called. ✅
| زمان | مثال | نکته |
|---|---|---|
| Past Simple | She read a book. | عمل تمام شده |
| Past Continuous | She was reading a book at 6 PM. | تمرکز روی فرآیند |
کاربرد “When” و “While” با گذشته استمراری ✨
- When: عملی که کوتاهتر یا ناگهانی اتفاق میافتد، معمولاً با گذشته ساده همراه است.
- While: عملی که طولانیتر یا مداوم است، معمولاً با گذشته استمراری همراه است.
جدول مثالها:
| ساختار | مثال |
|---|---|
| Past Continuous + When + Past Simple | I was cooking dinner when he arrived. |
| Past Continuous + While + Past Continuous | She was studying while her brother was playing. |
سوالی کردن گذشته استمراری ❓
ساختار:
| افعال | ساختار سوالی |
|---|---|
| Was / Were + Subject + Verb+ing | Was she reading a book at 8 PM? Were they watching TV yesterday? |
مثالها:
- ✅ Was he sleeping when you called?
- ✅ Were they playing football last evening?
منفی کردن گذشته استمراری ❌
ساختار:
| فاعل | was/were + not + verb+ing |
|---|---|
| I / He / She / It | was not (wasn’t) + verb+ing |
| You / We / They | were not (weren’t) + verb+ing |
مثالها:
- She wasn’t sleeping when I arrived.
- They weren’t listening to the teacher.
- I wasn’t watching TV at that time.
کلمات کلیدی و عبارات رایج با گذشته استمراری 🔑
| عبارت | کاربرد |
|---|---|
| at that moment | اشاره به لحظه مشخصی در گذشته |
| all day / all night | بیان مدت زمان عمل در گذشته |
| while | بیان دو عمل همزمان |
| when | اشاره به عملی کوتاه در مقابل عملی طولانی |
مثالها:
- I was working all day yesterday.
- She was talking on the phone while cooking.
- He was sleeping when the alarm rang.
فعلهای غیرعادی و استثناءها ⚠️
- فعلهای حالت (state verbs) مانند: know, like, love, hate، معمولاً با شکل -ing در گذشته استمراری استفاده نمیشوند مگر در حالت خاص (مثلاً thinking about something).
- مثال:
- ❌ I was knowing the answer.
- ✅ I was thinking about the answer.
جدول خلاصه کاربردها و نکات 🌟
| کاربرد | ساختار | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| عملی در حال انجام در گذشته | was/were + verb+ing | I was reading at 9 PM. |
| دو عمل همزمان | was/were + verb+ing … while … was/were + verb+ing | She was studying while her friend was cooking. |
| عملی که در زمان مشخصی رخ داده | was/were + verb+ing + at … | They were sleeping at midnight. |
| سوالی | Was/Were + subject + verb+ing? | Were you watching TV yesterday? |
| منفی | subject + was/were + not + verb+ing | He wasn’t listening to music. |
استفاده گذشته استمراری در داستاننویسی و روایت داستان 📖
زمان گذشته استمراری نقش مهمی در روایت اتفاقات گذشته دارد. با استفاده از آن میتوان زمینه و فضای داستان را ترسیم کرد و خواننده را با عملی که در جریان بوده آشنا کرد.
مثالها:
- The sun was setting when we arrived at the beach.
- Birds were singing while children were playing in the park.
- I was walking home when I saw a strange shadow.
🔹 نکته: گذشته استمراری معمولاً با افعال زمان گذشته ساده همراه میشود تا عمل کوتاه و ناگهانی مشخص شود.
مقایسه گذشته استمراری و گذشته ساده در جملات توصیفی 🆚
| گذشته ساده (Past Simple) | گذشته استمراری (Past Continuous) | تفاوت |
|---|---|---|
| I read a book yesterday. | I was reading a book yesterday at 8 PM. | گذشته ساده عمل را کامل شده نشان میدهد، گذشته استمراری تمرکز بر فرآیند دارد |
| She cooked dinner. | She was cooking dinner when I called. | گذشته ساده عمل کامل، گذشته استمراری عمل در جریان است |
کاربرد گذشته استمراری برای بیان عادت یا رفتار موقت گذشته 🔄
- برای بیان عملی که به طور موقت در گذشته تکرار میشده، میتوان از گذشته استمراری استفاده کرد.
مثالها:
- He was staying at his uncle’s house for a few weeks.
- They were playing football every evening during summer.
- I was working in a small shop before I got this job.
🔹 نکته: این استفاده معمولاً با for a few days/weeks/months یا during + زمان گذشته همراه است.
گذشته استمراری برای بیان عکسالعمل یا اتفاق همزمان ⚡
- وقتی دو عمل در گذشته به صورت همزمان اتفاق افتادهاند، گذشته استمراری کمک میکند تا رابطه زمانی مشخص شود.
جدول نمونه:
| عمل اول (در جریان) | عمل دوم (کوتاه/ناگهانی) | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| I was walking in the park | when it started raining | I was walking in the park when it started raining. |
| She was reading a book | while her brother was watching TV | She was reading a book while her brother was watching TV. |
قیدهای زمانی رایج با گذشته استمراری ⏰
| قید زمانی | کاربرد | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| at that moment | اشاره به لحظه مشخص | I was sleeping at that moment. |
| all day / all night | بیان مدت زمان عمل | He was working all night. |
| yesterday at 5 PM | زمان دقیق در گذشته | We were having lunch yesterday at 5 PM. |
| while | همزمانی دو عمل | She was singing while he was cooking. |
| when | عمل کوتاه در مقابل عمل در جریان | I was reading when the phone rang. |
سوالات رایج با گذشته استمراری ❓
- سوالات کوتاه و کاربردی برای تمرین:
- What were you doing at 7 PM yesterday?
- Who was watching TV when you arrived?
- Where were they going at that time?
🔹 نکته: در سوالات Wh-questions، was/were بعد از فاعل میآید و فعل اصلی + ing در انتهای جمله قرار میگیرد.
منفی کردن گذشته استمراری – تمرین پیشرفته ❌
- ساختار منفی ساده: subject + was/were + not + verb+ing
- شکل کوتاه (contraction): wasn’t / weren’t
مثالهای پیشرفته:
- I wasn’t paying attention during the lecture.
- They weren’t watching the match because they were late.
- She wasn’t feeling well yesterday evening.
🔹 نکته: گذشته استمراری منفی معمولاً برای تاکید بر عدم انجام عمل در زمان مشخص استفاده میشود.
افعال حالت (State Verbs) در گذشته استمراری ⚠️
- افعال حالت (state verbs) معمولاً با -ing استفاده نمیشوند، مگر در حالت خاص تفکر یا احساس موقتی.
- افعال رایج حالت: know, like, love, hate, believe, understand, belong
جدول نمونه:
| فعل | استفاده صحیح | استفاده نادرست |
|---|---|---|
| think | I was thinking about the problem. | ❌ I was knowing the answer. |
| like | She was liking the new movie at that moment. | ❌ She was liking movies generally. |
| love | He was loving the atmosphere yesterday. | ❌ He was loving music in general. |
ترکیب گذشته استمراری با گذشته ساده برای بیان داستانی 🎬
- گذشته استمراری: زمینه و عملی که در جریان است
- گذشته ساده: عملی که ناگهانی اتفاق افتاده یا تغییر ایجاد کرده
مثالها:
- I was walking down the street when I saw an old friend.
- She was cooking dinner when the lights went out.
- They were playing football when it started raining heavily.
🔹 نکته: “when” معمولاً عملی کوتاه (گذشته ساده) را با عملی طولانیتر (گذشته استمراری) متصل میکند.
تمرینات ساده و جدول تمرینی 🏋️♂️
| جمله انگلیسی | نوع جمله | توضیح |
|---|---|---|
| I was studying all evening. | ساده | بیان عمل طولانی |
| She was listening to music while cooking. | همزمان | دو عمل طولانی |
| They weren’t watching TV yesterday. | منفی | عدم انجام عمل |
| Was he sleeping at 10 PM? | سوالی | سوال درباره عمل در جریان |
تمرین جامع و کاربرد عملی گذشته استمراری 🏋️♀️
این بخش شامل تمرینات متنوع برای درک و استفاده عملی گذشته استمراری است. تمرینها شامل جملات تکمیلی، تبدیل، منفی و سوالی میباشد.
تمرین ۱: کامل کردن جملات با گذشته استمراری ✏️
| شماره | جمله ناقص | پاسخ صحیح |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I __________ (read) a book at 9 PM yesterday. | I was reading a book at 9 PM yesterday. |
| 2 | She __________ (cook) dinner while listening to music. | She was cooking dinner while listening to music. |
| 3 | They __________ (play) football when it started raining. | They were playing football when it started raining. |
| 4 | He __________ (sleep) at 11 PM last night. | He was sleeping at 11 PM last night. |
| 5 | We __________ (study) while our parents __________ (watch) TV. | We were studying while our parents were watching TV. |
تمرین ۲: تبدیل جملات به منفی ❌
| شماره | جمله مثبت | جمله منفی |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I was watching TV at 8 PM. | I wasn’t watching TV at 8 PM. |
| 2 | They were playing outside. | They weren’t playing outside. |
| 3 | She was reading a magazine. | She wasn’t reading a magazine. |
| 4 | We were cooking dinner together. | We weren’t cooking dinner together. |
| 5 | He was listening to music. | He wasn’t listening to music. |
تمرین ۳: ساخت سوالی ❓
| شماره | جمله خبری | جمله سوالی |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | She was reading a book. | Was she reading a book? |
| 2 | They were playing football. | Were they playing football? |
| 3 | I was watching TV. | Was I watching TV? |
| 4 | He was cooking dinner. | Was he cooking dinner? |
| 5 | We were studying for the exam. | Were we studying for the exam? |
تمرین ۴: استفاده از “when” و “while” ⚡
- ترکیب گذشته استمراری با گذشته ساده برای بیان اتفاقات همزمان و ناگهانی:
| شماره | جمله | پاسخ صحیح |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I __________ (walk) in the park when it __________ (start) raining. | I was walking in the park when it started raining. |
| 2 | She __________ (cook) dinner while her brother __________ (watch) TV. | She was cooking dinner while her brother was watching TV. |
| 3 | They __________ (play) football when the storm __________ (begin). | They were playing football when the storm began. |
| 4 | He __________ (sleep) while the phone __________ (ring). | He was sleeping while the phone rang. |
| 5 | We __________ (study) when the lights __________ (go) out. | We were studying when the lights went out. |
تمرین ۵: سوالات Wh-questions با گذشته استمراری 🔍
| شماره | سوال | پاسخ نمونه |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | What __________ (you/do) at 8 PM yesterday? | What were you doing at 8 PM yesterday? – I was reading a book. |
| 2 | Who __________ (watch) TV when you arrived? | Who was watching TV when you arrived? – My brother was watching TV. |
| 3 | Where __________ (they/go) at that time? | Where were they going at that time? – They were going to the park. |
| 4 | Why __________ (she/cry) last night? | Why was she crying last night? – She was crying because of a sad movie. |
| 5 | When __________ (he/leave) the house? | When was he leaving the house? – He was leaving at 7 PM. |
تمرین ۶: تشخیص گذشته استمراری و گذشته ساده 🆚
- مشخص کنید که کدام فعل باید گذشته ساده و کدام گذشته استمراری باشد:
| جمله | پاسخ صحیح |
|---|---|
| I __________ (read) a book when the phone __________ (ring). | I was reading a book when the phone rang. |
| They __________ (play) football while it __________ (rain). | They were playing football while it was raining. |
| She __________ (cook) dinner when her friend __________ (arrive). | She was cooking dinner when her friend arrived. |
| We __________ (study) all evening. | We were studying all evening. |
| He __________ (sleep) when the alarm __________ (go off). | He was sleeping when the alarm went off. |
تمرین ۷: جملات ترکیبی و پیشرفته 🔄
- تمرین برای استفاده همزمان گذشته استمراری و فعل حالت:
| جمله ناقص | پاسخ صحیح |
|---|---|
| I __________ (think) about the exam while my friend __________ (play) games. | I was thinking about the exam while my friend was playing games. |
| She __________ (feel) happy while everyone __________ (celebrate) the festival. | She was feeling happy while everyone was celebrating the festival. |
| They __________ (wait) for the bus when it __________ (start) raining heavily. | They were waiting for the bus when it started raining heavily. |
| He __________ (look) at the stars while I __________ (read) a book. | He was looking at the stars while I was reading a book. |
| We __________ (enjoy) the party when suddenly the music __________ (stop). | We were enjoying the party when suddenly the music stopped. |
تمرین ۸: ترکیب منفی، سوالی و Wh-questions 🧩
| شماره | جمله ناقص | پاسخ صحیح |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Why __________ (you/not/listen) to the teacher? | Why weren’t you listening to the teacher? |
| 2 | __________ (she/read) the book when you called? | Was she reading the book when you called? |
| 3 | I __________ (not/watch) TV at 10 PM. | I wasn’t watching TV at 10 PM. |
| 4 | Who __________ (help) you while you were cooking? | Who was helping you while you were cooking? |
| 5 | What __________ (they/do) when the accident __________ (happen)? | What were they doing when the accident happened? |
تمرین ۹: تکمیل متن کوتاه با گذشته استمراری 📜
متن ناقص:
Yesterday evening, I __________ (walk) home when I __________ (see) a strange cat. My brother __________ (play) video games, and my sister __________ (read) a book. We __________ (not/watch) TV because the electricity __________ (go) out.
پاسخ صحیح:
Yesterday evening, I was walking home when I saw a strange cat. My brother was playing video games, and my sister was reading a book. We weren’t watching TV because the electricity went out.
پاسخ تمرینهای زمان گذشته استمراری (Past Continuous)
🟢 پاسخ تمرین ۱: کامل کردن جملات با گذشته استمراری
- پاسخ: I was reading a book at 9 PM yesterday.
- پاسخ: She was cooking dinner while listening to music.
- پاسخ: They were playing football when it started raining.
- پاسخ: He was sleeping at 11 PM last night.
- پاسخ: We were studying while our parents were watching TV.
🟢 پاسخ تمرین ۲: تبدیل جملات به منفی
- پاسخ: I wasn’t watching TV at 8 PM.
- پاسخ: They weren’t playing outside.
- پاسخ: She wasn’t reading a magazine.
- پاسخ: We weren’t cooking dinner together.
- پاسخ: He wasn’t listening to music.
🟢 پاسخ تمرین ۳: ساخت سوالی
- پاسخ: Was she reading a book?
- پاسخ: Were they playing football?
- پاسخ: Was I watching TV?
- پاسخ: Was he cooking dinner?
- پاسخ: Were we studying for the exam?
🟢 پاسخ تمرین ۴: استفاده از “when” و “while”
- پاسخ: I was walking in the park when it started raining.
- پاسخ: She was cooking dinner while her brother was watching TV.
- پاسخ: They were playing football when the storm began.
- پاسخ: He was sleeping while the phone rang.
- پاسخ: We were studying when the lights went out.
🟢 پاسخ تمرین ۵: سوالات Wh-questions
- پاسخ: What were you doing at 8 PM yesterday? → I was reading a book.
- پاسخ: Who was watching TV when you arrived? → My brother was watching TV.
- پاسخ: Where were they going at that time? → They were going to the park.
- پاسخ: Why was she crying last night? → She was crying because of a sad movie.
- پاسخ: When was he leaving the house? → He was leaving at 7 PM.
🟢 پاسخ تمرین ۶: تشخیص گذشته استمراری و گذشته ساده
- پاسخ: I was reading a book when the phone rang.
- پاسخ: They were playing football while it was raining.
- پاسخ: She was cooking dinner when her friend arrived.
- پاسخ: We were studying all evening.
- پاسخ: He was sleeping when the alarm went off.
🟢 پاسخ تمرین ۷: جملات ترکیبی و پیشرفته
- پاسخ: I was thinking about the exam while my friend was playing games.
- پاسخ: She was feeling happy while everyone was celebrating the festival.
- پاسخ: They were waiting for the bus when it started raining heavily.
- پاسخ: He was looking at the stars while I was reading a book.
- پاسخ: We were enjoying the party when suddenly the music stopped.
🟢 پاسخ تمرین ۸: ترکیب منفی، سوالی و Wh-questions
- پاسخ: Why weren’t you listening to the teacher?
- پاسخ: Was she reading the book when you called?
- پاسخ: I wasn’t watching TV at 10 PM.
- پاسخ: Who was helping you while you were cooking?
- پاسخ: What were they doing when the accident happened?
🟢 پاسخ تمرین ۹: تکمیل متن کوتاه
پاسخ:
Yesterday evening, I was walking home when I saw a strange cat.
My brother was playing video games, and my sister was reading a book.
We weren’t watching TV because the electricity went out.
